List of pathological models

Disease Area-Specific Model Animal Review List

This page organizes widely referenced model animal review articles in each disease area, considering both classic reviews with high citation counts and recent reviews.

Please use this as reference information for model selection in non-clinical studies. (As of the survey on March 30, 2026)

MASH / NASH・Liver Fibrosis・HCC

MASH is a disease characterized by the continuous progression of lipid metabolism abnormalities, inflammation, and fibrosis, and is an area difficult to replicate with a single model.

Classic review

• Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• World Journal of Gastroenterology (2012): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22654421/
• Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Starter's Guide Nutrients (2017): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28953222/

Latest reviews

• Mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and their application to new drug development
• Archives of Pharmacal Research (2022): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36318445/
• Mouse Models for the Study of Liver Fibrosis Regression In Vivo and Ex Vivo Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology (2024): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39544245/

In this field, evaluation by combining diet-induced, toxicity-induced, and genetically modified models is considered important.

Liver disease (acute injury/fibrosis)

Models and evaluation metrics used differ significantly between acute liver injury and chronic fibrosis.

Classic review

• Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity
• Toxicological Sciences (2002): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11812920/
• Liver fibrosis Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15690074/

Latest reviews

• An update on animal models of liver fibrosis Frontiers in Medicine (2023): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37035335/
• Experimental models of liver injury and their clinical relevance Hepatology (2024): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11960460/

In recent years, the importance of selecting models with translational properties in mind has been emphasized.

Pulmonary Fibrosis / IPF

IPF is a disease area where the balance between reproducibility and clinical correlation is important.

Classic review

• Murine models of pulmonary fibrosis American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology (2008): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17993587/
• The bleomycin animal model: a useful tool to investigate treatment options for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology (2008): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17936056/

Latest reviews

• Effectiveness and mechanism of metformin in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36147352/
• Current advancements in the mechanisms and animal models of pulmonary fibrosis Frontiers in Pharmacology (2025): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40520197/

In recent years, there has been growing interest in chronic models and humanized models.

CKD / Renal Fibrosis

In kidney disease, surgical models and metabolic models are used in combination.

Classic review

• Molecular basis of renal fibrosis Pediatric Nephrology (2000)：https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11149129/
• Obstructive nephropathy and renal fibrosis American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology (2002): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12372761/

Latest reviews

• Obstructive nephropathy and molecular pathophysiology of renal interstitial fibrosis Physiological Reviews (2023): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37440209/
• Kidney fibrosis in vitro and in vivo models: path toward physiologically relevant humanized models Advanced Healthcare Materials (2025): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39906010/

In recent years, the introduction of humanized models and 3D culture systems has been advancing.

Metabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes)

In metabolic diseases, it is important to choose between genetic and dietary models.

Classic review

• Animal models of obesity Obesity Reviews (2007): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17316303/
• The use of animal models in diabetes research British Journal of Pharmacology (2012): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22352879/

Latest reviews

• Of Mice and Men: Considerations on Adipose Tissue Physiology in Animal Models of Obesity and Human Studies Metabolism Open (2022): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36092796/

Animal models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: advantages and limitations Frontiers in Endocrinology (2024): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38444587/

When selecting models, it is important to consider metabolic differences with humans.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Inflammation models vary greatly depending on the induction method.

Classic review

• Mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease Nature Protocols (2007): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17446870/

Latest reviews

• Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease: novel experiments for revealing pathogenesis Intestinal Research (2023): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37248173/
• Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease: categories and evaluation indexes Gastroenterology Report (2024): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38634007/

In recent years, models combining human gut microbiota have also been attracting attention.

Cancer / Tumor models

Tumor models are selected according to the purpose of evaluation.

Classic review

• Preclinical mouse cancer models: a maze of opportunities and challenges Cell (2015): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26406370/

Latest reviews

• Patient-derived xenograft model in cancer: establishment and applications MedComm (2025): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39830019/
• Patient-derived xenograft models: current status, challenges, and innovations Genes & Diseases (2025): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40548062/

In recent years, the importance of evaluation using PDX and humanized models has been increasing.

Summary

Key points common to all disease areas:

• A single model cannot fully replicate human diseases.
• ・Model selection appropriate for the evaluation purpose is necessary.
• Consideration of translatability is important.

By referring to these review papers, more appropriate model selection and trial design will be possible.

List of pathological models used in non-clinical studies

Central nervous system (brain)

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
APP/PS1 Tg (B6;C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9))	Alzheimer's Disease (Amyloid Plaques, Cognitive Impairment)	Biospective / Taconic Biosciences	Mutant presenilins specifically elevate the levels of the 42-amino acid β-amyloid peptide in vivo: evidence for augmentation of a 42-specific γ secretase Human Molecular Genetics, 13(2):159–170, 2004
alpha-synuclein A53T Tg	Parkinson's disease (Lewy bodies, motor impairment)	Biospective / Scantox / The Jackson Laboratory	Neuronal alpha-synucleinopathy with severe movement disorder in mice expressing A53T human alpha-synuclein Neuron, 34(4):521–533, 2002
SCN1A+/- Dravet Model	Dravet syndrome (seizures, developmental delay)	The Jackson Laboratory	Reduced sodium current in GABAergic interneurons in a mouse model of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy Nature Neuroscience, 9(9):1142–1149, 2006
icv-STZ	Alzheimer's Disease (Neuroinflammation)	SMC Laboratories	Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin causes long-term diminutions in learning and memory abilities and in cerebral energy metabolism in adult rats Behavioural Neuroscience, 112(5):1199–1208, 1998
EAE (Mog-induced)	Multiple sclerosis-like (demyelinating encephalomyelitis)	MD Biosciences	A myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide induces typical chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in H-2b mice European Journal of Immunology, 25(7):1951–1959, 1995

Cardiovascular system

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
ApoE−/− DECK	Arteriosclerosis (hyperlipidemia, plaque formation)	Charles River / Taconic Biosciences	Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E Science, 258(5081):468–471, 1992
LDLR−/− DECK	Arteriosclerosis (Cholesterol Metabolism Disorder)	The Jackson Laboratory	Massive xanthomatosis and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-negative mice Journal of Clinical Investigation, 93(5):1885–1893, 1994
Continuous Angiotensin II Infusion	Hypertension (elevated blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy)	-	Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Journal of Clinical Investigation, 105(11):1605–1612, 2000
Acute myocardial infarction (LAD ligation)	Myocardial infarction (myocardial necrosis, decreased cardiac function)	-	Experimental myocardial infarction. I. A method of coronary occlusion in small animals Annals of Surgery, 140(5):675–682, 1954

Liver

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
Carbon tetrachloride	Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis	Melior Discovery / SMC Laboratories	Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an example of lethal cleavage CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2(3):263–297, 1973
WD+CCl4	Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis	SMC Laboratories	Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) accelerated the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/steatohepatitis (NASH) in MS-NASH mice fed a western diet supplemented with fructose (WDF). BMC Gastroenterology, 20:339, 2020
High-fat diet (HFD)	MAFLD/MASLD (Fatty Liver, Inflammation, Early Fibrosis)	Charles River / Taconic	High-fat diets: modeling the metabolic disorders of human obesity in rodents Obesity, 15(4):798–808, 2007
MCD, CDAHFD diet	MASH model (Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis)	SMC Laboratories / Gubra	An improved mouse model for rapid development of fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 94(2):93–103, 2013
TAA	Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis	SMC Laboratories	The induction of liver cancer by chemicals Cancer Research, 6:245–250, 1946
Bile duct ligation (BDL)	Cholestatic liver disease (PBC/PSC)	SMC Laboratories	Bile duct ligation in mice: induction of inflammatory liver injury and fibrosis by obstructive cholestasis Journal of Visualized Experiments, (96):e52438, 2015
DDC food	Biliary hepatitis/fibrosis	SMC Laboratories	A New Xenobiotic-Induced Mouse Model of Sclerosing Cholangitis and Biliary Fibrosis American Journal of Pathology, 171(2):525–536, 2007
ANIT	Biliary hepatitis/fibrosis	SMC Laboratories	Drug- and chemical-induced intrahepatic cholestasis Pharmacological Reviews, 28(3):207–273, 1976
Wilson's Disease Model (Atp7b−/−)	Wilson's Disease (Copper Metabolism Disorder, Liver Damage)	-	Null mutation of the murine ATP7B gene results in copper accumulation and liver disease PNAS, 96(23):13312–13317, 1999
STAM (Type 2 Diabetes + MASH)	T2D with MASH	SMC Laboratories	A murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis showing evidence of association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma Medical Molecular Morphology, 46(3):141–152, 2013

Metabolic and inflammatory hepatocellular carcinoma

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
STAM-IO (STZ + HFD)	MASH-HCC under normal immunity (tumor microenvironment with fibrosis; immune response evaluation)	SMC Laboratories	A murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis showing evidence of association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma Medical Molecular Morphology, 46(3):141–152, 2013
CDAHFD-induced HCC model	Spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma formation from MASH with severe inflammation and fibrosis	SMC Laboratories / Gubra	An improved mouse model for rapid development of fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 94(2):93–103, 2013
Western Diet + CCl₄ Model (WD+CCl₄)	Progression from NASH with advanced fibrosis to HCC	SMC Laboratories	Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) accelerated the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/steatohepatitis (NASH) in MS-NASH mice fed a western diet supplemented with fructose (WDF). BMC Gastroenterology, 20:339, 2020
DEN+CCl₄ model	Fibrotic background HCC (chronic liver injury + chemical carcinogenesis; tumorigenesis with liver cirrhosis)	SMC Laboratories	The DEN and CCl4-Induced Mouse Model of Fibrosis and Inflammation-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Current Protocol, 1(8):e211

Kidney

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
db/db (Lepr−/−)	Type 2 diabetic nephropathy (obesity, hyperglycemia)	The Jackson Laboratory / Charles River Laboratories / Taconic Biosciences	Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice Cell, 84(3):491–495, 1996
NOD mouse	Type 1 diabetes (autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells)	The Jackson Laboratory / Taconic Biosciences	Breeding of a non-obese, diabetic strain of mice Experimental Animals, 29(1):1–13, 1980
OVE26 (T1D)	Type 1 diabetes model (insulin deficiency)	-	Calmodulin-induced early-onset diabetes in transgenic mice Cell, 58(6):1067–1073, 1989
Akita (Ins2+/-)	Type 1 Diabetes (Hereditary Insulin Deficiency)	The Jackson Laboratory	A novel locus, Mody4, distal to D7Mit189, contributes to early-onset NIDDM in nonobese C57BL/6 (Akita) mutant mice Diabetes, 46(5):887–894, 1997
eNOS−/− + db/db	Hypertensive diabetic nephropathy	-	Diabetic endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice develop advanced diabetic nephropathy Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 18(2):539–550, 2007
Polycystic kidney disease (Pkd1 KO)	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)	The Jackson Laboratory	Perinatal lethality with kidney and pancreas defects in mice with a targeted Pkd1 mutation Nature Genetics, 17(2):179–181, 1997
Alport syndrome (Col4a3−/−)	Alport syndrome (abnormal glomerular basement membrane)	The Jackson Laboratory	Collagen COL4A3 knockout: a mouse model for autosomal Alport syndrome Genes & Development, 10(23):2981–2992, 1996
Lupus Nephritis (NZB/NZW F1)	Systemic lupus erythematosus (nephritis)	The Jackson Laboratory	Spontaneous autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW mice Proceedings of the University of Otago Medical School, 37:9–11, 1967

Lung

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
OVA asthma induction model	Allergic asthma (eosinophilic airway inflammation)	Charles River Laboratories / Inotiv	OVA-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation Mouse Model Methods in Molecular Biology, 1916:297–301, 2019
HDM asthma model	Allergic airway inflammation	Charles River Laboratories / Inotiv	Continuous exposure to house dust mites causes chronic inflammation and structural changes in the airways. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 169(3):378–385, 2004
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	Pulmonary fibrosis (interstitial pneumonia)	SMC Laboratories	The pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis American Journal of Pathology, 77(2):185–197, 1974
Silicosis	Pulmonary fibrosis (interstitial pneumonia)	SMC Laboratories	Silicosis: A Review of Experimental Studies American Journal of Pathology, 49(5):819–846, 1966
COVID-19 model	SARS-CoV-2 infection (ARDS-like lung injury)	Charles River Laboratories / The Jackson Laboratory	SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function Nature Immunology, 21(11):1327–1335, 2020

Gastrointestinal tract

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
DSS colitis	Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis)	SMC Laboratories / Gubra	A novel method for inducing experimental ulcerative colitis in mice Gastroenterology, 98(3):694–702, 1990
TNBS colitis	Crohn's disease-like colitis	Charles River Laboratories / Inotiv	Hapten-induced model of chronic inflammation and ulceration in the rat colon Gastroenterology, 96(3):795–803, 1989
IL-10KO colitis	Spontaneous Colitis (Chronic Inflammation)	The Jackson Laboratory	Interleukin-10 deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell, 75(2):263–274, 1993
Helicobacter pylori infection	Chronic gastritis	-	Helicobacter bilis-associated inflammatory bowel disease in defined microbiota mice Infection and Immunity, 72(6):3328–3337, 2004
AOM/DSS Colorectal Cancer	Colorectal cancer (inflammation-related cancer)	Crown Bioscience / Charles River Laboratories / SMC Laboratories	Development of an inflammation-associated colorectal cancer model Carcinogenesis, 33(5):875-882, 2012

Endocrine and Metabolic System

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
ob/ob−/−)	Obesity-type 2 diabetes	The Jackson Laboratory / Taconic Biosciences	Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature, 372(6505):425–432, 1994
db/db (Lepr−/−)	Obesity-type 2 diabetes	The Jackson Laboratory / Charles River Laboratories	Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor Cell, 84(3):491–495, 1996
Diet-induced obesity (DIO)	Obesity and metabolic syndrome	Charles River Laboratories / Taconic Biosciences / Gubra / SMC Laboratories	High-fat diets: modeling the metabolic disorders of human obesity in rodents Obesity, 15(4):798–808, 2007
NOD mouse	Type 1 diabetes (autoimmune)	The Jackson Laboratory	Breeding of a non-obese, diabetic strain of mice Experimental Animals, 29(1):1–13, 1980
Neonatal STZ model	Type 2 diabetes (beta-cell dysfunction)	SMC Laboratories	Studies on the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 29:91–98, 1963

Immune and hematopoietic system

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
NZB/NZW F1 (SLE)	Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus nephritis, etc.)	The Jackson Laboratory	Spontaneous autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW mice Proceedings of the University of Otago Medical School, 37:9–11, 1967
MRL/lpr (SLE)	SLE (Lymphadenopathy, Cutaneous Renal Lesions)	The Jackson Laboratory	Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen Nature, 356(6367):314–317, 1992
RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis)	Rheumatoid arthritis model (synovitis, bone destruction)	Inotiv / Charles River Laboratories	Autoimmunity to type II collagen: an experimental model of arthritis Journal of Experimental Medicine, 146(3):857–868, 1977
K/BxN CAIA	Autoimmune arthritis (antibody-mediated)	-	Organ-specific autoimmune disease Cell, 87(5):811–822, 1996
NSG (NOD/SCID/γc)−/−)	Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (T/B/NK cell deficiency)	The Jackson Laboratory	NOD/SCID/γcnull mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells Blood, 100(9):3175–3182, 2002
SCID (CB-17)	Severe combined immunodeficiency	Charles River Laboratories / Taconic Biosciences	A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in mice Nature, 301(5900):527–530, 1983

Musculoskeletal system

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
mdx (DMD)	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	CLEA Japan	X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 81(4):1189–1192, 1984
D2.mdx (Severe DMD)	Severe DMD	The Jackson Laboratory	Genetic background affects satellite cell properties and mdx phenotypes American Journal of Pathology, 176(5):2414–2424, 2010
COL6 deficiency disorder	Congenital muscular dystrophy	-	Collagen VI deficiency induces early onset myopathy in the mouse Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 95(3):1046–1051, 1998
Osteoporosis (OVX)	Estrogen deficiency osteoporosis	Charles River Laboratories / Inotiv	The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss Bone and Mineral, 15(3):175–191, 1991

Skin

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
Imiquimod model	Psoriasiform dermatitis (erythema, scaling)	Charles River Laboratories / Inotiv / SMC Laboratories	Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation Journal of Immunology, 182(9):5836–5845, 2009
North Carolina / Nigeria	Atopic dermatitis (pruritic eczema, elevated IgE)	Charles River Laboratories, Inc.	NC/Nga mice: a model for atopic dermatitis Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 120(Suppl 1):70–75, 1999
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	Systemic sclerosis (SSc)	SMC Laboratories	Animal model of sclerotic skin. I: Local injections of bleomycin induce sclerotic skin mimicking scleroderma Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 112(4):456–462, 1999
Contact dermatitis (DNFB)	Contact dermatitis (allergic inflammation)	Inotiv	A hapten-induced model of allergic contact dermatitis characterized by T cell–mediated skin inflammation following sensitization and challenge with DNFB.

Reproductive and Endocrine Systems

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
DHEA model (PCOS)	Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)	-	Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone and Δ4-androstenedione on the reproductive organs of female rats: induction of cystic changes in the ovary. Nature, 1962;196:42–43.
Letrozole model (PCOS)	PCOS	-	Letrozole-induced polycystic ovaries in the rat: a new model for cystic ovarian disease. Archives of Medical Research, 2004;35(2):103–108.
Endometriosis model	Endometriosis	-	Studies on the Surgical Induction of Endometriosis in the Rat Fertility and Sterility, 1985;44(5):684–694.
GnRH receptor KO	Hypogonadism (amenorrhea, infertility)	-	Mouse model of surgically induced endometriosis by autotransplantation of uterine tissue. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2012;(59):e3396

Sensory organs, development, and aging

Model	Target disease/phenotype	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
rd1 (Pde6bround 1)	Retinitis pigmentosa (blindness)	The Jackson Laboratory	Mutations in the GnRH receptor gene: a new cause of autosomal recessive hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Archives of Medical Research, 1999;30(6):481–485.
Cx26 KO	Hereditary hearing loss	-	Targeted ablation of connexin26 in the inner ear epithelial gap junction network causes hearing impairment and cell death. Current Biology, 2002;12(13):1106–1111.
Ames dwarf (Prop1)df/df)	Laron Syndrome Model (GH Deficiency)	The Jackson Laboratory	Genotyping the Prop-1 mutation in Ames dwarf mice. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 2001;122(15):1915–1918.
Zmpste24−/− HGPS	Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (progeria)	-	Zmpste24 deficiency in mice causes spontaneous bone fractures, muscle weakness, and a prelamin A processing defect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2002;99(20):13049–13054.
Werner (Wrn−/−)	Werner syndrome (progeria)	-	Metabolic and Phenotypic Differences Between Mice Producing a Werner Syndrome Helicase Mutant Protein and Wrn Null Mice. PLoS ONE, 2015;10(10):e0140292.

How to Create an Organ-Specific Cancer Model

Organ	Method	Major CRO	Original paper/Published review
Large intestine	APC gene deletion	The Jackson Laboratory	A dominant mutation that predisposes to multiple intestinal neoplasia in the mouse Science, 247(4940):322–324, 1990
Large intestine	Azoxymethane injection + DSS	Crown Bioscience / Charles River Laboratories / SMC Laboratories	Dextran sodium sulfate strongly promotes colorectal carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ mice: inflammatory stimuli by dextran sodium sulfate results in development of multiple colonic neoplasms International Journal of Cancer, 118(1):25–34, 2006
Lung	KrasGNDTransGenic	The Jackson Laboratory	Analysis of lung tumor initiation and progression using conditional expression of oncogenic K-ras Genes & Development, 15(24):3243–3248, 2001
Liver	Diethylnitrosamine injection	SMC Laboratories	Kinetics of diethylnitrosamine hepatocarcinogenesis in the infant mouse Cancer Research, 43(9):4253–4259, 1983
Skin	DMBA coating + TPA coating	Charles River Laboratories, Inc.	The role of croton oil applications associated with a single painting of a carcinogen in tumor induction of the mouse's skin British Journal of Cancer, 1(4):383–391, 1947
Breast	Polyoma middle T antigen	The Jackson Laboratory	Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease Molecular and Cellular Biology, 12(3):954–961, 1992
Prostate	SV40 T antigen (prostate-specific)	The Jackson Laboratory	Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92(8):3439–3443, 1995
Blood	BCR-ABL fusion gene transfer	Crown Bioscience	Induction of chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice by the P210 bcr/abl gene of the Philadelphia chromosome Science, 247(4944):824–830, 1990
Skin (Melanoma)	B16 melanoma cell injection	Crown Bioscience	Biological behavior of malignant melanoma cells correlated to their survival in vivo Cancer Research, 35(1):218–224, 1975