Nonclinical Efficacy Testing » Safety studies: what is required, and what it costs in time

Safety studies: what is required, and what it costs in time

The safety studies are the part of a nonclinical programme with the least discretion in it. What has to be done is largely set out in advance, the studies run under a regulation with defined record-keeping and quality assurance requirements, and the schedule is driven by animal availability and study duration rather than by how quickly anyone works. These articles cover what is required and what commissioning it involves.

Articles in this section (3)

References

  1. 21 CFR Part 58 — Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, eCFR. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-58 (accessed 2026-09-03)
  2. 21 CFR 312.23(a)(8) — IND content and format: pharmacology and toxicology information, eCFR. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-312/subpart-B/section-312.23 (accessed 2026-09-03)
  3. FDA — ICH M3(R2) Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials and Marketing Authorization for Pharmaceuticals. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/m3r2-nonclinical-safety-studies-conduct-human-clinical-trials-and-marketing-authorization (accessed 2026-09-03)

3 Recommended Contract Research Organizations
for Non-Clinical Studies
— by Target goal and Expertise

In non-clinical development, the choice of contract research organization shapes the quality of the data and the time it takes to reach the next decision. Below, three CROs are introduced by the type of study they support: pharmacology (efficacy) studies, safety studies, and pharmacokinetic (PK/PD) studies. Each summary describes the services the company offers so that you can match a provider to your target and development objective.

Pharmacology (Efficacy) StudiesDisease-Relevant Models for
Translational Drug Evaluation
SMC Laboratories, Inc.
Reference: SMC Laboratories, Inc. official website (https://www.smccro-lab.com/)

SMC Laboratories, Inc.

SMC Laboratories is a specialized non-clinical CRO focused on in vivo pharmacology and efficacy studies using disease-relevant animal models, particularly in fibrosis, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and oncology.

Areas of Expertise
Disease-Relevant Model Portfolio

SMC Laboratories offers models covering the liver, lung, kidney, intestine, and oncology. Its portfolio includes the proprietary STAM™ model for MASH, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Study Design Based on Target Biology

Study plans are developed around the target biology, mechanism of action, disease stage, and development objective. Pharmacological endpoints can be combined with histopathology, biomarkers, and disease-specific readouts.

Support from Target Validation to Proof of Concept

With experience from more than 1,000 studies for clients in 30 countries, SMC Laboratories supports programs from target validation and candidate selection through in vivo proof-of-concept studies.

Safety StudiesComprehensive Safety Assessment for
Preclinical Development
Charles River Laboratories
Reference: Charles River Laboratories official website (https://www.criver.com/)

Charles River Laboratories

Charles River provides non-clinical toxicology and safety assessment services for programs ranging from exploratory safety studies to IND-enabling development.

Areas of Expertise
General Toxicology Across Study Designs

Services include single- and repeat-dose toxicology, dose-range finding, and general toxicology studies across multiple species and administration routes.

Non-GLP and GLP Study Support

Charles River supports both non-GLP and GLP studies, allowing sponsors to progress from early safety characterization to studies intended for regulatory submissions.

Integrated IND-Enabling Safety Assessment

Toxicology studies can be integrated with toxicokinetics, clinical pathology, histopathology, and safety pharmacology to support interpretation and IND-enabling safety packages.

Pharmacokinetic (PK/PD) StudiesConnecting Drug Exposure with
Pharmacological Response
Inotiv
Reference: Inotiv official website (https://www.inotiv.com/)

Inotiv

Inotiv provides integrated PK/PD, DMPK, and bioanalytical services to characterize drug exposure and its relationship with pharmacological response.

Areas of Expertise
Pharmacokinetic Characterization

PK studies characterize exposure, half-life, clearance, and other pharmacokinetic parameters needed to understand how a candidate behaves in the selected model.

Exposure–Response Evaluation

Pharmacokinetic data can be combined with pharmacodynamic endpoints and bioanalysis to evaluate the relationship between drug exposure and pharmacological response.

Integrated DMPK and Development Support

Integrated DMPK, pharmacology, and safety information supports candidate comparison, dose selection, dosing-frequency optimization, and decisions about subsequent preclinical development.

By Therapeutic Area
Disease Animal Models
and Reviews
Proven Capability, Expertise and Track Record
Top 3 Non-Clinical CRO Services